Bronies Coklat

Introduction

Although names like Molecular Biology and Biochemistry are used in a fairly consistent manner, it is not always clear to outsiders what the primary concerns of a Molecular Biologist are, and how they differ from those of a Biochemist.
Let's take an arbitrary metabolic reaction occurring in a cell, catalyzed by an enzyme.
A molecular biologist would want to know how the gene that expresses this enzyme is controlled: when is it expressed, what are the factors that turn its expression on and off? Is the enzyme stable once it has been generated, or does it rapidly break down in the cell? The relevant points of interest are the signals that control the presence of the enzyme in the cell, how the activity of this enzyme is controlled and balanced in the cell with respect to all the other processes that are occurring around it in the cell, or perhaps before and after its expression during the lifetime of the cell.
A biochemist would be more interested in the role the enzyme plays in facilitating the reaction - the relative free energy of the reactants and products, and how the transition state is stabilized by the interactions between the reactants and the interior of the enzyme. In this case, the balance of energy between reactants and products, and the overall change in the kinetics of the reaction.
So a molecular biologist is most interested in how all the critical processes required for cell function are regulated, and how the available nutrients and energy are apportioned among them. A biochemist is more interested in the overall chemistry of the reaction, whereas a molecular biologist is more interested in the biology.

Part I The Basics

1. Introduction to Microbiology
2. The 3 Domains of Life
3. Structure and Function Prokaryotic Cells

Bacteria can be classified by general morphology. Characteristic cell shape and size help to name and differentiate microorganisms. There are five types of bacterial cells: Cocci, Bacilli, Coccobacilli, Fusiform, and Spirilla. Cocci bacterium are spherical or oval shape. The cocci can occur in pairs (diplococci), chains (streptococci), and irregular clusters (staphylococci). The entire bacterial cell is very small, about the size of an eukaryotic mitochondria. The second type, bacilli, are rod shaped. Coccibacilli are very short rods that can easily be mistaken for cocci. Fusiform are rod-shaped bacteria that have tapered ends (like an American football). Spirilla are spiral shaped. If the spirilla is spiral shaped and the cell is more flexible it is called a spirochete.

1. Summary of differences between Bacteria, Archea and Eukaryotes
2. Nutrition and Growth
3. Genetics and Gene Expression
4. Viruses

Part II Microbial Diversity

• Taxonomy and Phylogeny
• Bacteria
• Archea
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Unicellular Algae
• Viruses
• Actinomycetes

 Part III Medical Microbiology

Medical Microbiology is an important aspect Medical Microbiology generally deals with microbes that cause diseases. It helps to find the effect of microbes in producing diseases and the remedial of the diseases. One of the major field of Medical Microbiology is the study of antibiotics producing organisms as fugiLink title.
The following fields are related to Medical Microbiology: Immunology Bacteriology Virology Pharmacology

Part IV Environmental Microbiology

Part V Food and Industrial Microbiology

Industrial Microbiology
Introduction-
Use of microbes in industrial or large scale productions is known as industrial microbiology. Mostly the bacteria and fungi are used in industrial applications. Bacteria have the property of rapid reproduction, as they divide rapidly leading to an exponential increase in population. By using bacteria we can transform substrates into more useful or valuable products.
Modern Industrial Microbiology has evolved in demand to develop cheap and faster substitute of chemical reactions. In earlier years of industrial development the transformation reactions are carried out by several steps of lengthy and delicate chemical reactions. They are very hard to control, depend on various other factors, sometimes require harsh conditions like high temperature, high pressure, use of alkali and acids and use of costly transition metals as catalyst. Often, performing a single transformation requires many steps of chemical reaction. By using industrial microbiology we can transform substrates without such harsh conditions more easily than ever.
Microbes are also used to produce antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids, organic acids, alcohols, and also as food called single cell proteins (SCP).
In industrial microbiology we use the native properties of microbes to grow in various environmental conditions (can use various materials as their carbon/energy source). The yeast sacchromyces spp. for example, can grow in both in presence or absence of oxygen. When it grows in presence of oxygen it breaks glucose into CO₂ and water and yields energy for growth. while growing in anaerobic conditions it produces ethyl alcohol and CO₂ and just survives with little growth. This property was identified earlier in the development of humankind and thus humans started production of various alcoholic beverages.

List of Products

• Ethanol
• Acetic acid
• Lactic acid
• Vitamins
• Amino acids
• Enzymes
• Some insecticides
• Lipids
• Coloring compounds
• Polysaccharides(gum)

Most important use of microbes is as enzyme producers. In the beginnings of microbiology it was discovered that something within the yeast is responsible for the conversion of sugar into alcohol. This biological compound was known as an enzyme ( en= within, zyme= yeast)
Nowadays the following industrially important enzymes are produced by microbes:

• Amylases (to degrade starch)
• Proteases (to degrade proteins)
• Lipases (to degrade lipids)
• Pectinases (clarification of wine and fruit juices)
• Cellulases (to convert cellulose into glucose)
• Proteases and lipases are used as additives in modern detergents.

Microbes naturally produce enzymes in order to utilize the food sources present around them. For example, various fungi and bacteria growing on fruit-based substrates produce pectinases and cellulases to degrade the materials present on the cell wall of fruit cells.